Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 2971 Words

From gamma rays to radio waves, the electromagnetic spectrum varies in frequency, energy, and wavelength. Just like the electromagnetic spectrum, people who are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) vary on a scale of severity. Some are able to integrate into the social world by making their own choices, while others are severely disabled and need care providers to attend to their every need. These individuals face numerous obstacles every day that the average person in society is unaware of. Life with Autism is anything but simplistic. To completely assess this disorder, one must evaluate all aspects of Autism in their own lives and in our society’s past- including the history and symptoms of the disorder, treatment options available, and emergency plans. Primarily, information on Autism as found on ProQuest database states that Autism was recorded for the first time in 1798, coined as a term in 1912, and classified as a distinct diagnostic category in the DSM-III in 1980. Originally, this disorder coincided with the symptoms of schizophrenia, including extreme unresponsiveness towards other people, severe communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors. However, the 20th century diagnosis changed to divide Autism and Schizophrenia into separate disorders as other symptoms emerged, such as language delays, desiring isolation, and relating only to objects at selective times. Over the years, the name has remained unaltered. As found in Chapter 14 of our textbook,Show MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 Pagesin every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person who has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life condition that has no c ure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in their communication and theirRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnoses for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if charac teristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1535 Words   |  7 PagesHow Autism Influences the Interactions with Others There is a little boy that gets up every morning and goes to school. He goes home to his parents after school each day. He eats, sleeps, and plays just like any other child. There is one difference. He sees the world in a unique way than most other children not affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. The boy’s life and actions are a bit different and can be challenging for him. He needs understanding parents, family members, and teachers. Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Dustin S. Staats University of Central Oklahoma â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) formerly known as just Autism, is a disorder that affects about 1 in 68 children here in the United States.† (Facts about ASD) This is a pretty high prevalence and the number is continuing to rise. â€Å"Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant impairments in behavioral, communication, and social aspects of everyday life.†(Facts about ASD). The intellectual functioning ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder, as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction (ninds.nih.gov). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex developmental disorder and the term ‘spectrum’ was added to the original term simply known as ‘Autism’ due to the wide range of symptoms associated with the disorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe following paper is going to cover the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using research and data collected from various authors and journalists the paper will describe the different variations of autism and discuss the impact autism has on a person- in society, at home, in the classroom, and in their careers. Beginning at infancy, autism has a major impact on not just the child but their family’s life as well. The child’s lack of ability to interpret social cues, gestures, and expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1801 Words   |  8 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted, repetitive behavior (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), and is associated with impairments in executive functions. Autism Spectrum Disorder is also defined as a group of disorders that impair an individual’s ability to understand and engage in the give-and-take of social relationships. (Boyd, 2015) Autism is a well-known

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 2971 Words

From gamma rays to radio waves, the electromagnetic spectrum varies in frequency, energy, and wavelength. Just like the electromagnetic spectrum, people who are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) vary on a scale of severity. Some are able to integrate into the social world by making their own choices, while others are severely disabled and need care providers to attend to their every need. These individuals face numerous obstacles every day that the average person in society is unaware of. Life with Autism is anything but simplistic. To completely assess this disorder, one must evaluate all aspects of Autism in their own lives and in our society’s past- including the history and symptoms of the disorder, treatment options available, and emergency plans. Primarily, information on Autism as found on ProQuest database states that Autism was recorded for the first time in 1798, coined as a term in 1912, and classified as a distinct diagnostic category in the DSM-III in 1980. Originally, this disorder coincided with the symptoms of schizophrenia, including extreme unresponsiveness towards other people, severe communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors. However, the 20th century diagnosis changed to divide Autism and Schizophrenia into separate disorders as other symptoms emerged, such as language delays, desiring isolation, and relating only to objects at selective times. Over the years, the name has remained unaltered. As found in Chapter 14 of our textbook,Show MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 Pagesin every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person who has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life condition that has no c ure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in their communication and theirRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnoses for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if charac teristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1535 Words   |  7 PagesHow Autism Influences the Interactions with Others There is a little boy that gets up every morning and goes to school. He goes home to his parents after school each day. He eats, sleeps, and plays just like any other child. There is one difference. He sees the world in a unique way than most other children not affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. The boy’s life and actions are a bit different and can be challenging for him. He needs understanding parents, family members, and teachers. Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Dustin S. Staats University of Central Oklahoma â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) formerly known as just Autism, is a disorder that affects about 1 in 68 children here in the United States.† (Facts about ASD) This is a pretty high prevalence and the number is continuing to rise. â€Å"Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant impairments in behavioral, communication, and social aspects of everyday life.†(Facts about ASD). The intellectual functioning ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder, as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction (ninds.nih.gov). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex developmental disorder and the term ‘spectrum’ was added to the original term simply known as ‘Autism’ due to the wide range of symptoms associated with the disorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe following paper is going to cover the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using research and data collected from various authors and journalists the paper will describe the different variations of autism and discuss the impact autism has on a person- in society, at home, in the classroom, and in their careers. Beginning at infancy, autism has a major impact on not just the child but their family’s life as well. The child’s lack of ability to interpret social cues, gestures, and expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1801 Words   |  8 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted, repetitive behavior (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), and is associated with impairments in executive functions. Autism Spectrum Disorder is also defined as a group of disorders that impair an individual’s ability to understand and engage in the give-and-take of social relationships. (Boyd, 2015) Autism is a well-known

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 2971 Words

From gamma rays to radio waves, the electromagnetic spectrum varies in frequency, energy, and wavelength. Just like the electromagnetic spectrum, people who are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) vary on a scale of severity. Some are able to integrate into the social world by making their own choices, while others are severely disabled and need care providers to attend to their every need. These individuals face numerous obstacles every day that the average person in society is unaware of. Life with Autism is anything but simplistic. To completely assess this disorder, one must evaluate all aspects of Autism in their own lives and in our society’s past- including the history and symptoms of the disorder, treatment options available, and emergency plans. Primarily, information on Autism as found on ProQuest database states that Autism was recorded for the first time in 1798, coined as a term in 1912, and classified as a distinct diagnostic category in the DSM-III in 1980. Originally, this disorder coincided with the symptoms of schizophrenia, including extreme unresponsiveness towards other people, severe communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors. However, the 20th century diagnosis changed to divide Autism and Schizophrenia into separate disorders as other symptoms emerged, such as language delays, desiring isolation, and relating only to objects at selective times. Over the years, the name has remained unaltered. As found in Chapter 14 of our textbook,Show MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 Pagesin every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person who has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life condition that has no c ure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in their communication and theirRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnoses for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if charac teristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1535 Words   |  7 PagesHow Autism Influences the Interactions with Others There is a little boy that gets up every morning and goes to school. He goes home to his parents after school each day. He eats, sleeps, and plays just like any other child. There is one difference. He sees the world in a unique way than most other children not affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. The boy’s life and actions are a bit different and can be challenging for him. He needs understanding parents, family members, and teachers. Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Dustin S. Staats University of Central Oklahoma â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) formerly known as just Autism, is a disorder that affects about 1 in 68 children here in the United States.† (Facts about ASD) This is a pretty high prevalence and the number is continuing to rise. â€Å"Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant impairments in behavioral, communication, and social aspects of everyday life.†(Facts about ASD). The intellectual functioning ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder, as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction (ninds.nih.gov). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex developmental disorder and the term ‘spectrum’ was added to the original term simply known as ‘Autism’ due to the wide range of symptoms associated with the disorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe following paper is going to cover the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using research and data collected from various authors and journalists the paper will describe the different variations of autism and discuss the impact autism has on a person- in society, at home, in the classroom, and in their careers. Beginning at infancy, autism has a major impact on not just the child but their family’s life as well. The child’s lack of ability to interpret social cues, gestures, and expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1801 Words   |  8 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted, repetitive behavior (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), and is associated with impairments in executive functions. Autism Spectrum Disorder is also defined as a group of disorders that impair an individual’s ability to understand and engage in the give-and-take of social relationships. (Boyd, 2015) Autism is a well-known

The Ultimate Leadership Essay Topics Trick

The Ultimate Leadership Essay Topics Trick The exact same rules of engagement apply but not it's more complex since you are communicating with numerous persons simultaneously, and so are they. Then to assist you in your reflection there are a few questions to answer or a self-assessment exercise. Put simply, decisions ought to be balanced, with only the proper quantity of empathy and objectivity. Providing you're diligent and finish the review each day, by the close of the month you will observe a considerable shift, away from the behaviours that you want to eradicate, towards the behaviours you need to cultivate. President Trump brought something specific and he's trying to make his distinctive contribution. A number of the ethics a leader should maintain. In other words, he cannot surpass his or her own ability to lead. How every leader may be terrific motivator. Leadership Essay Topics - Is it a Scam? Just because you're a terrific sales person doesn't mean that you wil l be an effective leader. At this time you've got an overwhelming urge to find out more about God and experience the exact same feeling of peace and connectedness everyday. Sometimes what you're passionate about emerges from a complicated circumstance, sometimes you're able to discover it by working on distinct projects with the goal of seeing whether you can derive satisfaction from the job. Unfortunately, at times it isn't the persons with the increased good of the group in mind. The Pain of Leadership Essay Topics Nobody would like to celebrate. Dig deeper to figure out how you truly feel about your work. Team conversations have the potential to conserve time, there isn't any need to go from 1 person to the next because, everyone receives the exact same information at precisely the same moment. Leadership Essay Topics - the Story If there's a deficiency of foundational learning and development, the very first step is to guarantee baseline technical and behavioral skill s meet the minimal standard for the degree of performance defined in the work description. If you've selected leadership as the region of your research but can't choose the particular topic or the way to begin selecting then here are a number of topics to help you begin. As a leader who's developing your team you are able to take different learning styles and learning curves under consideration. As you regard feedback and its effects, I ask that you give thought to how you are able to achieve meaningful changes in the way you provide feedback to your team and also, how you are able to influence the method by which they communicate with one another. Leaders sense the whole playing field. Careers can ride on professional knowledge only for a specific distance. Students often choose a good are but get confused in regards to selecting the particular topic in that region. The War Against Leadership Essay Topics Communication may be a two-person sport. AI applications might just be starting to take root within HR, but their influence is likely to increase significantly during the next several decades. After you perceive the need, the next thing to do is to analyse the issue then choose the criteria that should be met in order for alternatives to be generated. At other times alternatives are presented. however, it is obvious that there is just one choice. Important and elaborate decisions should integrate because many points of view as possible every time a top quality decision is the desired outcome. Then there are decisions that may happen within parameters fixed by the strategic plan. When leaders are not aware of their biases, they have a tendency to pick persons for their teams since they seem most like them. The workplace is growing more fragile and employees wish to understand what they are ultimately being held accountable for and what they can or cannot do. Employees will model your behavior so it's important that you know about the behaviors you're approving. In today's workplace, it's important for less experienced managers to construct trust and team dynamics that support collaboration in any way levels. In different organizations, decisions empower employees and result in engagement. On occasion the competition stay faceless and nameless.

Movie response free essay sample

There is one significant leader that mirrors the same passive actions as Robinson is Mr.. Martin Luther King Jar. Along with having an impact on the activist, Robinson was able to open to door for African-American athletes, not just in baseball but in all sports. Robinson not only proved his race was capable of competing, but was able to change the stigma and Stereotypes that African-Americans faced. Another area that would see the influence of Robinson, and that was shown in the movie, was he role of sports journalist named Wendell Smith.Although the movie might have stretched the relationship of Robinson and Smith, there is no denying the impact they had on each other. Smith was tasked with not only covering Robinson but finding him places to stay, as well as to help protect him. Robinson on the other hand did more than give Smith something to write about, but to help open the pathway for African-Americans to join other fields, even sports journalism Jackie Robinson did more than change the name of baseball. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie response or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was able to curb stereotypes with humility, change the way people see those of a darker complexion, and begin to open the door for African-Americans to belong in any occupation. He was able to use the platform of being a professional athlete to help shed light on the atrocious treatment and inequality people of color were forced to face.

Restaurant Project Essay Example Essay Example

Restaurant Project Essay Example Paper Restaurant Project Essay Introduction The world is becoming more and more inclined towards vegetarian food and need for high quality vegetarian food is growing rapidly. â€Å"Being a doctor, as well as a model, I know that eating veg is the first and most important ingredient in keeping fit. If you eat chicken or other meat, you’re consuming toxins, fat and cholesterol. Veg food is powered with all the vitamins and protein you need to be at your best. † – Aditi Govitrikar â€Å"Vegetarianism saves animals’ lives and can’t be beat for maintaining a muscular body and building endurance. Vegetarian food contains all the vitamins and protein you need to be at your best and is free of all the fat, cholesterol and toxins found in meat. † – Anil Kumble One has to understand customers preference and sense of taste to produce an alternative method frequently. So that customers can opt for one particular restaurant to check out with new options and try out . So we need to understand customer demand frequently to and discover for alternatives . The project aims at designing such a high quality restaurant to attract the customer and build high satisfaction and recurring demand for the restaurant’s food. Restaurant Project Essay Body Paragraphs PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: The aim is to analyze the various factors in starting a restaurant and to decide upon suitable size, location, stock availability (availability of various dishes), inventory maintenance (buying vegetables and other goods at lesser cost and maintenance of necessary goods), facilities to be made available in the restaurant, level of customer satisfaction, capturing restaurant market share and making handsome profits. Once the primary objectives are met, the project proposes plans for development of the restaurant, financial objectives and other aspects to be looked into. If the first restaurant meets its objectives by the end of two years, the objective is to expand its presence, thereby increasing its market share continuously and make excellent profits. ANALYSIS OF RESTAURANT BUSINESS: Food is a basic need for all living beings. The lifestyle and preferences of human beings have changed so much that their taste and food preferences have also grown w idely. We are of the view that variety is the spice of life. Though restaurant business is highly competitive, there is absolutely enough space in market for healthy and tasty food. Further, people in today’s busy world, have very less time to cook for themselves and their family, thereby increasing the need for restaurants. As people are health conscious, we propose to start of our business with healthy and tasty foods at a fair price. The restaurant being a high class one, we cannot afford to fix the price at low cost, which may become a disadvantage in building our brand image. The predicted growth trend for goods is really encouraging to start this high class vegetarian restaurant. More and more people are becoming vegetarians to maintain their health thus increasing the demand for healthy vegetarian foods. The proportion of income spent by the consumers for food is relatively higher. And people are not hesitant to spend on healthy quality food for their family. DEVELOPME NT PLAN: The most important part of this project proposal is the development plan of the restaurant which considers the most important decisions such as location of the restaurant, layout design, resource allocation to manage constraints, etc. While choosing the location of the restaurant various factors like the density of population in that area, approximate number of visitors for shopping or other reason to that area, affordability of people for a high class mean, forecasted demand for quality restaurant in that area, availability of basic facilities such as power, water, infrastructure, government incentives, rent or cost of land, building, availability of labour, proximity to the vegetable market, store, security and several other factors are also considered. Among the several sites that seemed to be complying with our various requirements, we have chosen one of the prime sites using a customer survey model and giving weightage to the areas based on the various available resour ces and advantages. Location Factor: Check for travel distance Analyze the area deeply according to basic factors (Mall, Shopping area, People, Costs, density, age group.) Look for competitor Facility Layout Work study and Method Study about the area Location/Factors| Parking| Polution| competitor| cost| Marketing Stratgies| Anna Nagar| X| X| X| X| X| Nungambakkam| X| X| X| X| X| T. Nagar| X| X| X| X| X| Purasawakkam| X| X| X| X| X| ECR| X| X| X| X| X| Mount Road| X| X| X| X| X| Velacharry| X| X| X| X| X| We have also used other alternative methods to arrive at the location decision like the +Transportation model +Cost Evaluation method Business is all about planning, coordinating and controlling Customer feedback Quality Scheduling Maintenance Alternatives Taste (SSample Customers Preference Customers Customers Customers Inputs Outputs We have chosen the location as Nungambakkam after considering all the above models and also the critical factors, subject and objective factors so to decide upon the best location for our high class restaurant. The reason being the density of population being high in this area and also the affordability of people is high and preference for a good vegetarian restaurant is also high. LAYOUT PLAN : The location chosen for our project using the above models consists of a storeyed spacious building with adequate power and water facilities. However, enough care must be taken while designing the layout so that consumers enjoy a peaceful meal without much interference and disturbance. Layout plays a very important role in this regard. After much research we have decided as per the customers preference the layout of our restaurant. A simple model of our ground floor layout structure is given below. In our layout design, there are separate ways for customers and employees so that the moving in and out of employees does not disturb the customers, and the employees can also enjoy a freedom. The parking lot is also differentiated and t he we have planned to train our employees well to serve up to customer expectations. Our survey also indicated the customers prefer the reserved tables to be in a separate area and we have designed our layout in such a way that separation is between the reserved and unreserved tables. Further the reserved areas are well distinguished with an aim of attracting more people towards it. This in turn will help to estimate the number of customers clearly which will help us to save time, cost and better customer satisfaction. The groundfloor design is as below Employees parking and employee entrance Kitchen and store room General a/c dining hall Reception and waiting area Reserved tables Beverages and vegetarian chats Car parking Car parking Customer entrance OPERATIONS PLAN: Inventory and its maintenance is a difficult business to forecast, especially maintenance of perishable goods inventory and availability to meet a no stock situation is really difficult. Our operations plan aim at mak ing the dishes available to the customer when they demand and also providing service at very minimum time. We have to decide upon various factors as cost, space cost, storage cost, obsolescence, spoilage or deterioration costs, inventory procurement costs, etc and decide upon a optimum order quantity for vegetables and other necessary products and also decide upon what dishes at what quantity to be cooked to meet the customer demands which is highly varying and definitely difficult to predict. As the variety of dishes are cooked in large size, we have adopted the batch production method for some dishes, customer specific orders for special dishes, etc and have arrived a economic batch quantity and optimum storage level of inventory. As cooking needs multiple raw materials, the procurement and maintenance of them also becomes difficult. To avoid excess storage cost and wastage of materials we have adopted several techniques of inventory management and control and also the re-order le vel and quantity. PRODUCT AND SERVICES REQUIRED: We have decided to offer new kind of products and service to people to attract more customer and build our market share. There will be three ways a customer can purchase food. They may sit down at one of the seats in the dining room and get full service from a waitperson. A separate take-out counter will service those who wish to pick up their food. Most take-out food will be prepared to order with orders coming from either the telephone or fax. Delivery (an indirect form of take-out) will be available at certain times and to a limited area. We also have a separate chat section for people who prefer lighter and healthier food. We have also plans to increase our service level once we kick start our business and also adopt new innovative ideas for customer satisfaction. THE TARGET MARKET : Although we have proposed to start our restaurant in one prime location initially, we target to a variety of diverse and densely populated groups. Al though it will be located in a downtown urban setting, it is an area where people travel to eat out and one that is also frequented by tourists. It is also an area known for and catering to the demographic group we are targeting. We have planned to attract the customers from 3 major segments; Local population Student population Visitors We will write a custom essay sample on Restaurant Project Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Restaurant Project Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Restaurant Project Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

ADSL essays

ADSL essays ADSL has been of interest to me for the past couple of years because it enables high-speed data on a single pair of local copper loop. It is phenomenal how it can allow voice and data to run concurrently over the same pair of wire. The article of choice for this report is in the subject of ADSL technology and the integration of the chip sets. Within these five pages the author examines the design methodology that Alcatel has used to develop their mixed signal chip set-asynchronous digital subscriber line (ADSL) and the chip implementation environment. I believe that software emulations of hardware components are a more reliable and cheaper way to design devices. Although I have no experience with device designing, it is interesting to me how software emulation can facilitate the engineer with a fast editing environment. There are no soldering and complicated physical barriers involved. When the Alcatel design team tested the system in a worst-case scenario, restricting its range of voltage and temperature, the simulation of just 10 seconds of initialization could have taken days of simulation time. But Alcatel resorted to using an emulator for fast debugging. The emulator, in contrast with the simulation, would only take a few hours, not days. A very important aspect in new technology is to permit the ease for product enhancements. In a broad sense, many times there are new and more efficient ways of implementing a certain design after its final release. The author outlines in his conclusion that Alcatel completed a USB version of the ADSL digital chip. That explains the ease and no hassle install of my ADSL modem to my laptop. the writer outlines illustrates the Because of the flexibility of the chip bus architecture, other digital back ends can be integrated onto the chip. Designing ADSL Chip Sets for Rapid Integration ...

29 ways on how to stay creative at work throughout the day

29 ways on how to stay creative at work throughout the day Creativity at work is letting the inner you shine through the work you produce. But being at work all day can sometimes drain you mentally and physically; getting  in your way of your creativity. With these 29 ways to stay creative, you can help with your ideas to flow throughout the day instead of reaching road blocks. Simple things such as taking breaks, getting feedback, making lists, and even singing in the shower can get your creative juices flowing. Here are some quick and easy tips that work magic for your creativity!Source [ Behance ]

Frederick Taylors Scientific Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Frederick Taylors Scientific Management - Essay Example Because of this work, Taylor gains the reputation of being the father of scientific management. Scientific management methods, as put forward by Taylor, "called for optimizing the way tasks were performed and simplifying the jobs enough so that workers could be trained to perform their specialized sequenced of motions in one best way" (Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management 1). The formulation of scientific management is Taylor's response to the working conditions during his time. It should be noted that prior to scientific management, the various works in the factory are solely performed by skilled craftsmen who have acquired their knowledge and skills through long and tedious apprenticeships. Having no particular specifications from the management on how jobs should be performed, workers during the period are given much autonomy, giving them the sole discretion on how their jobs should be performed. Thinking that their apprenticeship has been adequate in shaping and preparing for the jobs required, management are often left with other decision making tasks. However, scientific management changed this situation in the workplace by "taking away much of this autonomy and converting skilled crafts into a series of simplified jobs that could be performed by unskilled workers who easily could be trained for the tasks" (Frederick Taylor and Scientific Managemen t 2). Taylor, through his time and motion studies formulated the most scientifically efficient in doing performing a single task which do not only lessen the workload for each employee but also shorten the time that the task is performed. The main contribution of Taylor in the field of management can be delineated within the bounds of management service practice and organisational management. The main premise of Taylor in the concepts which he put forward is the utilisation of scientific principles in every situation including the solution of problems in business organisations (Frederick Winslow Taylor 2). Through his exposure on steel workers, Taylor has observed what he calls soldiering which he explains as "underworking, that is, deliberately working slowly so as to avoid a full day's work" (Taylor 6). He observes that the current situation facilitates this inefficiency of workers. According to him, there are three primary reasons which causes soldiering: first, the universal belief that if workers become productive, less workers will be needed causing elimination or termination; second, the non-incentive wage system which encourage workers to work at a slow pace considering that they will be paid the same wage regardless of the amount of work that they finish; and third, the reliance on rule of the thumb measures and the absence of optimal work methods in order to enhance efficiency (Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management 4). With this, Taylor lays down the four principles which become the foundations of scientific management. Scientific management calls for the replacement of the rule of the thumb work methods with systems derived from scientific studies (Frederick Taylor

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example I am morally obliged to tell my friend about positive or negative perceptions about him. However, telling a friend about public perception about him is dependent on several issues. The closeness of the opinion makers to him, the magnitude of the perception, and the positivity or negativity of the perceptions will be the main factors under considerations. I would tell a friend if the perception about him is positive or is not so damaging if it is negative. People lose personal confidence if their ego is hurt by enlightenment about other perceptions about him. The most appropriate way to tell a friend is through reasoning similar situations with him to understand his reaction if it as his case. By doing this, I would understand the possible way to explain the perception about him without him developing negative emotions or perceptions about the people. This is because he or she would be prepared to deal with such an

Rizals Juventud Essay Example for Free

Rizals Juventud Essay This may seem like a blatant patronization of Rizal, but I like to say: I love this particular work of his. One can bask in the colorful language that he uses in this one. Also, this particular work presents a lot of allegories from which one can try to decipher and understand. And from these ideas we can see what Rizal is trying to say in the poem and in extention what is on his mind. In the first stanza, the writer writes of the Philippine youth as a flower about to bloom yet still a bud. The writer exhorts the flower to look up and shine. As one who has waited for long, the writer has determined that the flower is ready to bloom on this day as stated in the poem. Also the writer refers to the youth as the fair hope of this land. While old people are more experienced, they may have manifested most of their potential and thus about to become a relic of the past. The writer exhorts the youth to fully realize their potential, Manifesting the grace and gallantry of your [youth] line. It is interesting that in the next stanza, the writer asks the Spirit of grandeur to fill them [the youth] with noble meditation. I was half expecting Rizal to write knowledge instead of meditation. Upon some thought, I saw the wisdom in these words. While we continue to shove knowledge into our brains, if we lack discernment what to do with this knowledge, it would be useless and may even be our undoing. The writer exhorts the reader to higher aspirations tempered with cautious meditation lest what we learn may be our own undoing. This in my opinion is very timely. I am about to leave the university. As I go out into the world I shall utilize my knowledge to earn a living and live life itself. However, a meditative attitude should always be present to assess our actions and what is the wisest thing to do as of the moment. The next three stanzas reminds me of Platos cave and the chains that bind. In the cave, man is chained and made to watch the wall and the shadows on the wall. This is what constitutes his world. However, someone comes along and tries to make man see the beauty of the life outside. However, man accustomed to his world is confused with what he sees. This makes him want to return to the cave. In the poem, youth is chained to the wall. His intelligence and genius is shackled away to prevent it from flying. The writer exhorts the reader to smash these chains and see the light. Additionaly, Rizal sees mother Spain as one who tries to make the youth see the light. Instead of returning to the darkness However,unlike Platos cave, the writer sees one who has been fully freed from their chains in their mind. What perplexes me is that the writer writes of one who rises on his fantasy in search of poetry. I am tempted to interpret this as a general search for knowledge since we can say that whatever can be known can be expressed in the poetry of something (e. g biology as poetry of nature, mathematics as poetry of numbers). However, I am not entirely sure of this. But in the spirit of Rizals other writings I can say that this may be true. In the end, the writer exhorts the youthful and skillful musician, sculptor, and the painter to make haste and strive for glory. Because as said in the final stanza, the gains of these people will reflect on the nation itself and in the end will be a blessing to us all. However, in the present situation, I doubt that Rizal would be proud of the youth. Though growing in strength, a majority are still living in their own worlds, oblivious to the world outside. They need to know more about the world and see things for what they actually are. This of course is a challenge for education.

Greece :: essays research papers

Art & Culture There are few places in the world with so rich and diverse an artistic and cultural history as Greece. In terms of archeology there are artifacts that are 200,000 years old, while architecturally Greece boasts Minoan and Dorian ruins dating back almost four millennia. Greece is also where drama originated, so there are plenty of ancient theatres to pick your way through Museums Greece is bursting at the seams with museums. Almost every single city, town, village, historical site, settlement and hole in the hedge has an archeological museum which details the archeological and historical significance of its surroundings Historical Sites There is certainly no shortage of these in Greece. Every city has their own specialties, like the Acropolis and the Ancient Agora in Athens, the Oracle at Delphi, the Palace of the Grand Masters in Rhodes Town, and so on. There are far too many to list here. It is suggested you get hold of a tourist map from the Greek Tourist Organization (EOT) which sets out all the ancient, Byzantine and medieval sites throughout the country. But some of the major historical sites you should make a special effort to see are listed below: The Acropolis, Athens The Ancient Agora, Athens The Byzantine monument of Nea Msni on Chios The Polycrates Wall and Eupalinos Tunnel at Pithagorio, Samos The Oracle at Delphi The Minoan palace city of Knossos, Crete The ruins of Gsrtyn, Crete Minoan ruined city at Phestss, Crete Arch of Galerius, Thessalon?ki The White Tower, Thessalon?ki The Sanctuary of Isis, at D?on. Dafn? Monastery, Greece’s largest Byzantine monastery Met?ora Monasteries, perched on mountain outcrops, in Kalabaka Climate Greece is perfect for those who enjoy the sun, as for over two thirds of the year the country basks under clear, sunny skies. Temperatures do vary, however. Winters are mild and rainy, with temperatures sometimes dropping to freezing point, especially in the north. Summers are long and dry, with extremes of 37Â °C (99Â °F), making the yearly mean temperature about 17Â °C (63Â °F). For those not overly fond of the heat, the mountainous areas offer some respite as they receive more rain in summer, and even snow in winter. Rainfall figures vary, depending on the region. Thessaly is very dry, receiving around 38mm (1.5in). Portions of the western coast paint a different picture, however, receiving about 1,270mm (50in) of rain. Greece can be divided into the northern and southern climatic regions: Greece :: essays research papers Art & Culture There are few places in the world with so rich and diverse an artistic and cultural history as Greece. In terms of archeology there are artifacts that are 200,000 years old, while architecturally Greece boasts Minoan and Dorian ruins dating back almost four millennia. Greece is also where drama originated, so there are plenty of ancient theatres to pick your way through Museums Greece is bursting at the seams with museums. Almost every single city, town, village, historical site, settlement and hole in the hedge has an archeological museum which details the archeological and historical significance of its surroundings Historical Sites There is certainly no shortage of these in Greece. Every city has their own specialties, like the Acropolis and the Ancient Agora in Athens, the Oracle at Delphi, the Palace of the Grand Masters in Rhodes Town, and so on. There are far too many to list here. It is suggested you get hold of a tourist map from the Greek Tourist Organization (EOT) which sets out all the ancient, Byzantine and medieval sites throughout the country. But some of the major historical sites you should make a special effort to see are listed below: The Acropolis, Athens The Ancient Agora, Athens The Byzantine monument of Nea Msni on Chios The Polycrates Wall and Eupalinos Tunnel at Pithagorio, Samos The Oracle at Delphi The Minoan palace city of Knossos, Crete The ruins of Gsrtyn, Crete Minoan ruined city at Phestss, Crete Arch of Galerius, Thessalon?ki The White Tower, Thessalon?ki The Sanctuary of Isis, at D?on. Dafn? Monastery, Greece’s largest Byzantine monastery Met?ora Monasteries, perched on mountain outcrops, in Kalabaka Climate Greece is perfect for those who enjoy the sun, as for over two thirds of the year the country basks under clear, sunny skies. Temperatures do vary, however. Winters are mild and rainy, with temperatures sometimes dropping to freezing point, especially in the north. Summers are long and dry, with extremes of 37Â °C (99Â °F), making the yearly mean temperature about 17Â °C (63Â °F). For those not overly fond of the heat, the mountainous areas offer some respite as they receive more rain in summer, and even snow in winter. Rainfall figures vary, depending on the region. Thessaly is very dry, receiving around 38mm (1.5in). Portions of the western coast paint a different picture, however, receiving about 1,270mm (50in) of rain. Greece can be divided into the northern and southern climatic regions:

Racial and Ethnic Discrimination in Canada Essay

â€Å"You know the world is off tilt when the best rapper is a white guy (Eminem), the best golfer is a black guy (Tiger Woods), the tallest basketball player is Chinese (Yao Ming, 7’6†³) and Germany doesn’t want to go to war (in Iraq)†. Charles Barkley stated in a 2003 interview, pointing out various misconceptions with stereotypes. A stereotype is defined by dictionary. com as: â€Å"something conforming to a fixed or general pattern; especially: an often oversimplified or biased mental picture held to characterize the typical individual of a group†. I have commonly heard stereotypes such as the French are good cooks, Italians are great lovers, and the Irish are lazy or comments made like dumb jock, lazy Cape Bretoner, or that women are not strong!! The list could go on endlessly as there appears to be stereotypes regarding people of all races, religions, sexes and ethnic groups, etcetera. Stereotypes can be either positive or negative. Most stereotypes tend to make us feel superior in some way to the person or group being stereotyped. Stereotypes ignore the uniqueness of individuals by painting all members of a group with the same brush. Throughout the course of this paper I plan to discuss some racial and ethnic issues in Canada. Where some of these issues originated from, what we can personally do to help eliminate discrimination in the workplace and what the government is doing to try to combat such discrimination. Let me first begin by defining discrimination, racism and ethnicity since these terms are all important terms to understand before going into further discussion. To discriminate is simply defined by yourdictionary. com as: â€Å"To make distinctions on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit; show preference or prejudice. † Therefore, discrimination occurs when a person is not treated equally because of their gender, race, religion, ethnic origin, nationality, sexual orientation, or age. Yourdictionary. com defines racism as: â€Å"The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. Discrimination or prejudice based on race. † In other words, when an individual or group is treated unfairly or abused because of their skin color or racial heritage they are victims of racism. Ethnic, as defined by yourdictionary. com is: â€Å"Of or relating to a sizable group of people sharing a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. B. Being a member of a particular ethnic group, especially belonging to a national group by heritage or culture but residing outside its national boundaries. † With that being said, it is my belief that stereotypes and ignorance about others most often lead to discriminatory behavior both inside and outside the workplace. I have heard Canada described as a multicultural nation meaning that Canadians are not of any one cultural background, race or heritage. For all Canadians, including Aboriginal People, this multicultural diversity can be traced to an immigrant past. This does not mean that the majority of today’s Canadians are immigrants but rather that the majority of Canadians have in their past, perhaps many generations ago, a family member who migrated here from another country. That is why many of us have a mixed ancestry, for example; Irish, Scottish, Ukrainian, French and Aboriginal, and the list can go on. Canada’s Aboriginal People were the first to immigrate, and settle across the continent, tens of thousands of years before European settlers. After the European settlers came the French, followed by the English, Scots and Irish formulating Canada into the diverse country it is today. In the years before the American Civil War, thousands of black slaves escaped slavery in the United States by following the â€Å"Underground Railway† north to Canada. Then, at the turn of the century, American farmers moved northward into the Canadian prairies to develop farm lands. Although Canada originally consisted of a wide variety of immigrants, some people were not as welcome in the country as others and were therefore not treated equally. Those who were of different race, color, or religion then the majority of Canadians were labeled as â€Å"foreigners†. The use of the term â€Å"foreigner† held many connotations for example, different, strange or inferior and many at the time wanted to see the â€Å"foreigners† assimilate to fit into Canadian society. There are many events in Canada’s past that has contributed to the racism and discrimination in Canada today for example, the disregard and unfair treatment of Aboriginal Peoples by European’s who settled here. Even though a vast majority of African-Americans moved to Canada to avoid slavery, from early in the 1600’s until 1834 there was a recorded 4092 slaves throughout the country, mostly living in Quebec . The Asiatic Exclusion League, which originated in California in 1905 as an anti-Oriental movement, moved north into Vancouver in 1907. The league was the main instigator in anti-Asian riots in the city since their main goal was to have all Chinese and Japanese immigrants removed from North America out of fear that they were taking jobs away from Whites . It also appears that throughout history the acceptance of immigrants in Canada greatly depended upon the economic state of the country at that time. During the Great Depression of the 1930’s immigrants seeking jobs were unwelcome and overlooked for employment. Although the Government of Canada has made many advances in breaking the barriers that Aboriginal People, immigrants and minorities face in the country; immigrants today still face a number of problems when trying to enter the labor market, for example: ? Non-recognition of international credentials and work experience ? Lack of Canadian work experience ?Inability to communicate in English or French ?Insufficient labor market information prior to immigrating to Canada I have traveled to some of the major cities in Canada and was a little surprised by the degree of segregation that is apparent in these cities. By this, I mean that these larger cities, like Toronto and Vancouver, have communities which are almost completely independent from the rest of the country. These independent communities that I saw, of Chinese or Italian people, seemed to have everything they needed to survive within the community including their own schools. I could not help but wonder what effect this type of segregation has on the country. I respect the fact that all people are trying to protect their identity. At the same time, by choosing to live in Canada, shouldn’t they try to integrate into the country a little more while still preserving their identities? Shouldn’t they try to assimilate? How can Canada thrive as a country with so much segregation? We need to become a unified country. Not such a historical thought pattern, I guess!! It is people who have attitudes like mine that are causing problems in the country or do all people have these thoughts and choose not to admit it. I have similar negative feelings about scholarships being available only to certain people or government funding for certain people to attend university because they are a minority. I understand that differential treatment is required in order for equality to become a possibility. However, I still feel a degree of resentment about these programs being offered when I have to borrow money in an effort to obtain my university degree. Will this resentment evolve? When I hold a management position in the future, will I discriminate against a person because he or she doesn’t have a huge student loan to pay and another does? It is cases like mine that causes racism to continue in society and the workplace today? With the announcement of Nova Scotia’s plan to increase immigration into the province came an increase in the racist comments I have heard. Since I work in bars I hear, and partake in, a great deal of conversation. When people are drinking they tend to be even more likely to say things they normally wouldn’t. That is why I have heard, at times, some very racist remarks. People have said that the government should be trying to retain people in the province that are born here before they bring â€Å"foreigners† here. They need to take care of their own first!! It is because of these comments and feelings that I am doubtful that discrimination against people, because of their race or color, will ever be completely eliminated in the country. How do we achieve equality with so much differentiation? How do we check or personal opinions at the door when we go to work? Since it is impossible to eliminate racism and discrimination entirely in society, we need to do as much as possible to eliminate it in the workplace. We need to make changes similar to the changes companies have made in an effort to combat discrimination against people because of their religion. For example, adapting zero tolerance rules, providing more education for employees, human resource departments need to provide more opportunities for people of minorities, immigrants, and Aboriginal Peoples and barriers have to be removed for all these people who are trying to enter our labor market. March 21, 2005 is International Day for Elimination of Racial Discrimination a day to remember the struggles and challenges that Aboriginal peoples and people of color have endured. It is also a time to recognize and applaud the fact that members of these two communities have made anti-racism struggles a significant part of labor’s agenda. Lets’ respect this day and try to make some positive changes at home, school, or work toward eliminating racism.

An Analysis on Customer Care Strategy of Sainsbury

1. 0 Company Introduction Sainsbury’s was founded in London in 1869 as one of the nations’ oldest retailers. It also provides a unique illustration of transformation that has occurred in retailing and in shopping and eating habits since the mid-19th century. It grew to become the largest grocery retailer in 1922, pioneered self-service retailing in the UK, and had its heyday during the 1980s. Now it is the third largest chain of supermarket in the United Kingdom with a share if the UK supermarket sector of 16. 3%.The supermarket chain operates three store formats: regular Sainsbury’s store (â€Å"Main Mission†), Sainsbury’s Local and Sainsbury’s Central (convenience stores and smaller supermarkets in urban locations—â€Å"Mixed Mission†) and Sainsbury’s â€Å"Main Plus† (hypermarket) stores. 2. 0 An Outlook of Sainsbury’s Customer Care Strategy Sainsbury aims at building on and stretching the lead in food. B y sharing customers’ passion for healthy, safe, fresh and tasty food, Sainsbury’s will continue to innovate and provide leadership in delivering quality products at fair prices.Sainsbury will continue to accelerate the development of non-food and service following the principles of quality and to provide a broader shopping experience for customers. Sainsbury commits to reach more customers through additional channels, and it commits to manage its business with integrity. 3. 0 Development of Sainsbury’s Customer Care Strategy Strategy refers to a plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. 1. Sainsbury should know who Sainsbury’s customers are Sainsbury should know that every member of the community is the potential customer.Sainsbury should reach the total community. Every citizens living around the stores can be Sainsbury’s customers, as well as another companies can be the customer group of Sainsbury. 2. Sainsbury should know the needs of customers Customers need to be understood. Sainsbury comes up with the strategy that it commits to provide quality food with fair prices, which makes consumers delight. Customers need to feel welcome. Sainsbury’s staff serves every customer with a smiling face. Customers need to feel important.Once any customer has some recommendation or suggestion, he can directly approach to managers to point it out. 3. Sainsbury should know how to determine needs Sainsbury puts out questionnaires to citizens to find what they really want to buy when shopping in the supermarket and then determine their goods. It is a way to analyse needs in terms of the development objectives of Sainsbury. Sainsbury’s also set up suggestion box in its supermarkets to listen to customers’ needs. Through different ways such as community meetings and feedback, Sainsbury determines customers’ needs. 4. Sainsbury should response to needsSainsbury shows the real interest in the needs of sp ecial group, such as babies; they display their special tools and foods. Sainsbury ensures that every goods displayed on the shelves represent the real living needs for all customers. Sainsbury holds feedback meetings in order to response customers’ needs, and it commits to handle and solve customers’ complaints. 5. Sainsbury should give access to services Sainsbury never limit the service to the boundaries of Sainsbury’s store building. Sainsbury broadens its service range outside of the supermarkets and Sainsbury carries on deliver service.Sainsbury not only offers the regular stores for its customers, but also provides smaller supermarkets in urban locations as well as shopping online services. 6. Sainsbury should get stakeholders and senior managers’ support Sainsbury establishes a committee to get cooperation and support from the stakeholders and senior managers. They give financial support to promote Sainsbury’s operational environment as wel l as intelligence support to improve Sainsbury’s operational situations. Both of their supports are necessary to the development of Sainsbury. 7. Sainsbury should deliver competencySainsbury analyse its existing services to determine if their service is suitable for their customer care projects and whether the service meets the needs of customers. Sainsbury offers delivery service to customers and Sainsbury provides a search engine in its website to help customers to find the nearest store. 8. Sainsbury should give continuously analyses methods and procedures for improved efficiency. Sainsbury reduces its delivery time and time to supply new goods. Sainsbury has fax and website address to connect with customers. The employees are all trained and professional enough to serve the customers.Sainsbury makes sure that its customers know the standards of service in the stores. 9. Sainsbury should manage an effective communication Sainsbury develops a communication strategy that inf orms all information and provides channels to feedback. Sainsbury trains its employees to develop skills for successful interpersonal communication to introduce goods to customers. Sainsbury uses handbooks to advertise and inform customers’ about special events. Sainsbury puts clear signs to inform customers about the classification of all goods. 4. 0 Sainsbury’s standards in details 1. Employees Sainsbury’s employees should be passionate about working in a customer-facing environment *Sainsbury’s training divided into 4 steps:? basic introduction to Sainsbury’s ? introduce to employees their role and all the basics they need to know to work productively and safely ? develop employees to grow in their role and deliver to the required performance standards ? advanced training covers how to manage and supervise in its employees’ role *Employees are eligible for a colleague discount card when they completed 6 months service *All colleagues with one year’s continuous service can take up to 13 weeks’ unpaid leave for each child nder 5. They are also special provisions allowing time off for parents with disabled children up to 18. *Colleagues are able to exchange a portion of their salary for childcare vouchers which are non-taxable and exempt from National Insurance contributions and therefore represent a saving for colleagues who receive them as part of their total reward package. *The life assurance at the rate of four times staff’s annual basic salary in the event of death in service. *Sainsbury offers eligible colleagues the opportunity to apply for a career break for up to one year. Sainsbury would like to reward its long-term employees *Sainsbury always welcomes applications from people from any background. 2. Customers *Sainsbury is looking for people who can deliver the highest level of customer service each and every day *Customers can access a whole range of different services and meet togethe r in a safe environment. *Sainsbury hosts â€Å"community dinners† with local stakeholders to get to know customers better and understand any issues they have. *Sainsbury always supplies quality food to its customers Sainsbury creates ranges of food covering all customers’ needs *Sainsbury helps every customers cut their cost while shopping *Customers can buy goods online which will save a lot of money and time. *Sainsbury kids range is nutritionally balanced, so you can be sure you are making good, healthy choices for your children. *Sainsbury offers organic food. *Sainsbury provides customers various food recipes covering every type of meal, dish and ingredient; they really can try something new every day. *Sainsbury has the â€Å"store locator†, customers can find the nearest Sainsbury’s shop quickly. . Suppliers and Subcontractors *Sainsbury makes a deal with developing countries in order to support fair trade. *Sainsbury requires its suppliers and su bcontractors to provide fresh and healthy foods. *Sainsbury requests its suppliers and subcontractors to deliver their goods in the quickest time. *Sainsbury commits to settle accounts with suppliers and subcontractors as soon as possible. *Sainsbury requires its suppliers and subcontractors to register in a formal organization. *The suppliers and subcontractors of Sainsbury need to have a formal address and e-mail address to contact. . Community *For Sainsbury, this is not about providing great service and quality products, it’s also about making a positive difference to the communities and being a good neighbour. *Sainsbury provides local jobs for local people, and buys from local suppliers. *Sainsbury carries on Active Kids and Local Charity of the Year schemes. It helps kids who are in poverty to go to school and have medical check. *Sainsbury maintains longstanding partnership with Comic Relief, which is a local charity organization, to donate clothes and medicines and n ecessaries to rural areas. Sainsbury provides its customers options about charities to do good things on kids or social while they are shopping. 5. Environment *Sainsbury commits to reduce our impact on the environment. *Sainsbury sources products from all over the world, which means they have an important part to play, both in the evolving environmental debate, and in doing what they can do to reduce their carbon and wider environmental footprint. *Sainsbury was praised for having â€Å"excellent sustainable farming and fish policies† and the â€Å"high proportion of sustainable products available† in a survey. Sainsbury searches the latest ideas in engineering and building design, which could dramatically help them reduce their carbon footprint. *Sainsbury develops â€Å"carbon positive† stores or provide heat and recycled water to customers’ homes. *Sainsbury commits to reduce energy, packaging, food waste and wasting. 5. 0 Ways in which the Standards Were Established Customer care standard is more detail than customer care strategy and it direct how to carry on the project. A customer care standard normally covers areas of management practice, broken down into these sections: †¢ Employees Customers †¢ Suppliers and subcontractors †¢ Community and environment 1. Employees: *Clear employ article: EMP1: Organisations have a clear employ article and conditions and the procedure to ensure faith. EMP2: Organisations should secure the personal information for its employees. Safe and healthy working conditions: EMP3: Staff can get enough training to ensure the safety while working. *Faith salary system: EMP4: Staff has a clear mind about the time and method in paying salary. *Organisation engages in treat existing and potential employees’ variety.EMP5: Encourage the variety of the employees and welcome the new staff. *Encourage its staff improve in their career: EMP6: Organisations offer many kinds of training to h elp employees developing in their career. *Organisations are not allowed to molest any employees in any way. EMP7: Organisations should have the relevant articles to ensure the teenagers working in the national standards. 2. Customers *Organisations set up an equal relationship with its customers: CUS1: In the condition of respecting customers, organisations have clear business articles.CUS2: The information of customers can be used in the condition that is allowed by customers. CUS3: Organisations have the procedure to settle complaints in especially time. CUS4: The recommendations of the customers are fully considered. *Organisations ensure the safety of the products in the reasonable range: CUS5: The products or service have a clear illustration about the information like use, composition, and conservancy. CUS6: Organisations have the responsibility to protect the weak group. 3. Suppliers and subcontractors: The simple data and information about the supplier and subcontractor can be easily found in the website. SUP1: clear and crystal standards to select suppliers. SUP2: The information can only be used in the condition that are allowed by suppliers and subcontractors. SUP3: Organisations have the procedure to solve the conplaints from suppliers in ruled time. *Organisations offer money to suppliers in agreed standard. SUP4: Have the procedure to ensure suppliers and subcontractors get funds according to the agreement. Organisations encourage suppliers and subcontractors to carry on necessary business convention SUP5: Organisations should ensure the suppliers and subcontractors gain the training and exercise about the safety knowledge. *Organisation has an honest relationship with the suppliers and subcontractors 4. Community *Organisations promote the business environment on community: COM1: Organisations should consider the influences on the plan and action. COM2: Organisation has the action to promote the development of the community.COM3: Ensure to brin g up customers in the ruled area. *Organisations need to be sensitive to the local culture and economic structure: COM4: Organisation should have the procedures to ensure that its products or service will not threaten the safety. 5. Environment *Organisation reduces the use of energy and the emission of waste: ENV1: Organisations should point out clearly that the influences of its service and goods to local environment and the solutions. ENV2: Organisation takes charge of supervising and reducing the impact on local environment.ENV3: Have the procedure to ensure that its employees and suppliers are encouraged to the exercises of protecting the environment. ENV4: Encourage the use and abandon of the environmental friendly of the products. 6. 0 Methods Used by Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research to Gather and Analyse Information from Customers with Respect to Their Impressions of Sainsbury’s Customer Care 1. Qualitative Research Qualitative Research seeks out the â⠂¬Å"why† of its topic through the analysis of unstructured information and it does not rely on statistics or numbers.Qualitative research is used to gain insight into people’s attitudes, behaviors, value systems, concerns, motivations, aspiration culture or lifestyles. It is used to inform business decisions, policy formation, communication and research. Focus groups, in-depth interviews, content analysis and semiotics are among the many formal approaches that are used, but qualitative research also involves the analysis of any unstructured material. Sainsbury chooses interview as the way to carry on qualitative research.Interview is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes, preferences or behavior. Interviews can be undertaken on a personal one-to-one basis or in a group. The interview is put in the appendix A. Sainsbury interviewed 100 people and makes a conclusion that most of the customers are satisfied with the stores, and they think the goods are mostly cheap. Besides, people interviewed are all satisfied with the environment in Sainsbury, and they think the stores are light and clean, which really delights them.However, the customers are too many so that it is usually crowded, especially in holidays and discounts. What is more, most of the stores are set in downtown and it makes difficult for people who live in suburbs to buy in the stores. 2. Quantitative Research Quantitative research is used to measure how many people feel, think or act in a particular way. These surveys tend to include large samples. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena.Sainsbury chooses questionnaire as the method to give a quantitative research. Questionnaire is quantitative preferred and freedom of respondent. The questions have to be relatively simple and there is no inte rviewer bias. The questions usually are literacy problems and there is no control over who completes it. The questionnaires are presented in the appendix B. These questionnaires are handed out to 1,000 people. Sainsbury makes a conclusion through research by questionnaires.Most regular customers of Sainsbury think the dominating reason contributes them to buying in Sainsbury is the fair price with good quality. Customers focus on price while shopping dominates 73%. Around 87% of customers think the service attitude in Sainsbury is passionate and 72% of customers think the environment in Sainsbury is bright and clean. Moreover, 53% of Sainsbury’s customers gain salary between 5,000 to 10,000 and 27% of its customers gain salary between 1,000 to 5,000; customers gain salary less than 1,000 or over 10,000 both dominate 10%.Through the comparison of the data from 2007 to 2010, customers’ attitude about the goods price has changed. More people think the goods are cheaper an d the increase in the attitude of acceptable is more visible; less people hold the view that the goods are expensive in Sainsbury. There are two diagrams presented in appendix C and appendix D. 7. 0 The Review of Sainsbury’s Customer Care Strategy Review is an evaluation of an operating process or a business outcome. Sainsbury chooses â€Å"comparing to customer feedback analysis† to review its customer care strategy.Before Sainsbury carry on another new customer care strategy, it makes a survey among its customers and makes a conclusion. After carrying on for a period of time, Sainsbury does a equal number survey among customers and makes a conclusion through comparing and analyzing the data: Sainsbury increases its opening hour and it makes customers life more convenient; Sainsbury promotes its employees moral and passion in serving customers. However, Sainsbury should update its goods in a high frequency and strengthen the arrangement after customers’ selecti ng goods.Sainsbury chooses â€Å"Third Party Assessment† as another method to review its customer care strategy. Sainsbury hires Mckinsey & Company to give a overall assessment about its customer care strategy and standard by using professional methods, ways, and procedures. The conclusions are made below: Sainsbury does well in caring about customers’ healthy lifestyle and delivering a healthy lifestyle to its customers; That Sainsbury encourages its customers to give a hand to local charity and people need help is a light point in Sainsbury’s strategy.However, Sainsbury must promote its after-sale responsibility and its after-sale quality. Some sorts of service, such as point out the use structure of some special goods, need to be highlighted. 8. 0 Recommendation There are some weaknesses in Sainsbury’s customer care. The relationship between suppliers and Sainsbury sometimes is not equal; The after-sale services are sometimes not enough; The safety env ironment in Sainsbury is not secured enough.In response to this, Sainsbury should point out a clear after-sale responsibility and promote the after-sale service quality; Sainsbury need to inform suppliers and subcontractors about the loss before the change of the business articles; Sainsbury need to strengthen the supervision on the safety environment and it is necessary to hand out the safety handout to employees to guarantee their safety while working. 9. 0 Reference Books: —-Scottish Qualifications Authority, Creating a Culture of Customer Care. —-Bryman, A. (1988a), Quantitative and Qualitative in Social Research, Routledge, London.Websites: http://www. sainsburys. co. uk/sol/index. jsp http://zhidao. baidu. com/question/13903776. html http://zh. wikipedia. org/ 10. 0 Appendix Appendix A 1. What do you think about the service at Sainsbury? 2. What goods do you think we should add to our goods list? 3. What service do you think we should add? 4. What reason contribu tes you to consume in Sainsbury? 5. What do you think about the quality of Sainsbury’s goods? 6. What do you think about the quantity of Sainsbury’s goods? 7. What do you think about our recommendation system? 8. What do you think about the environment in Sainsbury? . What do you think about the prices of our goods? 10. Why do you consume in Sainsbury? What attracts you to consume? Appendix B 1. What contributes you to buying in Sainsbury? A. fair price B. good quality C. convenient D. else 2. The frequency you shopping in Sainsbury every month? A. over 15 B. 10~15 C. 5~10 D. under 5 3. What do you think about the kinds of goods in Sainsbury? A. complete B. so-so C. small 4. What do you think about the prices of goods in Sainsbury? A. cheap B. middle level C. expensive 5. What aspect do you focus on when shopping? A. rice B. quality C. brand 6. What do you usually buy in Sainsbury? A. necessaries B. vegetables C. clothes 7. What do you think about the quality of goods in Sainsbury? A. good B. so-so C. bad 8. What do you think about the service attitude in Sainsbury? A. passionate B. acceptable C. bad 9. What do you think about the environment in Sainsbury? A. bright and clean B. so-so C. mess and uncomfortable 10. Can you find the goods you need easily? A. yes B. a little difficult C. only find with the help of assistant 11. Are there big supermarkets around your house?A. yes B. no C. unsure 12. What big supermarket do you usually consume? A. Wal-mart B. Tesco C. Sainsbury D. else 13. What is your gender? A. male B. female 14. What age group are you in? A. under 18 B. 18~25 C. 25~45 D. over 45 15. What salary group are you in? A. under 1,000 B. 1,000~5,000 C. 5,000~10,000 D. over 10,000 Appendix C Appendix D [pic] People’s attitudes about the prices of Sainsbury’s goods ———————– [pic]The salary level monthly of Sainsbury’s customers 10,000 1,000~~5,000 5,000~~10,000

Cosmetic Surgery essays

Plastic/Cosmetic Surgery essays Imagine you are waiting in a room full of people that could use some improvements in their bodies including yourself. As you stare at yourself in the mirror, you think, I hate the way I look. So, you turned to plastic surgery to change the person you see in the mirror every morning. The most common and most popular type of surgery out there is plastic surgery. Also known as cosmetic surgery, many celebrities and television shows make it seem like a miracle worker. The truth of the matter is that plastic surgery can be life threatening if the procedure isnt performed correctly. Most people get cosmetic surgery done to improve their appearances, but their wishes dont always come true. Expensive, lethal, and unnatural doesnt it make you wonder why anyone would want plastic surgery? There is only one answer: Physical Appearance. With the growing popularity of cosmetic surgery, which involve both risks and benefits, people should think twice before getting implants or liposuction. Jennifer Lopez, Lindsay Lohan, and Michael Jackson are just a few of the victims to cosmetic surgery. As mentioned in the examples, plastic surgery isnt for everyone. Although, with so many celebrities getting plastic surgery, its easy for someone to think of it as a life saver. This was not the case for some of the contestants in Foxs new reality series The Swan. Last year, plastic surgery patients in the 19- to 34-year-old age group made up 45 percent of all breast augmentation procedures, 28 percent of all liposuction procedures and 40 percent of all rhinoplasty, according to the ASPS. "It's very sad to put it on television, as if it's OK - as if it's normal," says Dorinda Lambert, associate director and clinical coordinator at University Counseling Services. Celebrities hav ...

Coppin State University Admission Requirements, Tuition

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Inghir-Jerusalem - Essay Example The synagogue is no more but the Kamal’s grandfather seems to vividly remember that it once stood at the position. As Kamal speaks with some people, the mixing of Arab, French, and Berber languages is evidence enough of their ties to Tinghir. The documentary explores the 2000 years old Jew shelters in the author’s village of Tinghir, situated in Morocco. Throughout the film, Kamal moves back and forth between Tinghir and Israel in search for answers. As the film advances, Kamal meets some Jews who still hold tight to their Moroccan identity. This is great step towards finding out the real events that triggered the Jew migration from Tinghir. The film is based on a true story that shows the collaboration between Jews and Muslims that fell apart after the Jews moved to Israel. Although the Jews did not have it all, the coexistence was still a great one. As Kamal speaks to both sides, Jews and Muslims, they seem to cherish and desire a reunion to the great coexistence that they once had. Kamal tries to discover what happened with an aim that the two once friendly communities will one day reunite. The film has an interesting and captivating story line that gives the viewers a desire to watch more as the events unfold. The film has an important lesson and can be used to stop the raging conflicts that are recurrent in today’s world. From time to time, the Israelites are in conflict with the Arab nations and as a result, a great hostility has escalated. How could the once peaceful coexistence turn into raging conflicts and everyday war? What went wrong? What can be done? These are among the many questions on peoples’ minds as they try to bring to an end the seemingly unending conflict. This film can be used as a starting point to remind the two conflicting sides of the enviable cooperation that once was. In addition, the Muslims were not the reason for the Jew

Addiction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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State v. Wong (1994), 95 Ohio App. 3d 39 Case Study

State v. Wong (1994), 95 Ohio App. 3d 39 - Case Study Example erdict, on the account of insanity, but these possibilities were quickly eradicated, after two psychologists declined to testify that she might not have been sane on the day of the felony, The Appellant had sent a letter to her husband, threatening him, which illustrated the lack of sanity from the Appellant. The drugs and alcohol influence she was under in combination with the medication she had consumed could have also altered her reasoning and the claim by her daughter that she was â€Å"unwell† during the 911 call is an indication of the possibility that she was not sane while committing the felony. Dr. Jackson asserted that the appellant suffered from a paranoid delusional disorder and could have been under the disorder’s influence during the committing of the crime. The ignored these claims, returning the guilty verdict on all counts back into place. The court ended up sentencing her to fifteen to forty years in a state penitentiary, 12 years for each count of felony done, one year on every count of vandalism and did not sentence her on the gun specification count. These sentences were to run concurrently. The lack of consent of the letter, throughout the trial was unfair and unjust on Wong’s case, but the verdict passed was a bit considerate to that passed by the lower courts. Lack of consideration of the doctors insights was also vaguely

Mechanisms Of Conservative And Replicative Transposition Biology Essay

Mechanisms Of Conservative And Replicative Transposition Biology Essay Bacteriophage Mu is a temperate phage which adopts transposition pathway in its life cycle. Mu has the capability to integrate into numerous sites in host Escherichia coli genome and cause mutations due to its insertional activation. Mu transposes via two major pathways; conservative and replicative transposition though the molecular switch between the two mechanisms remain unknown. This review will focus on the comparisons between replicative and conservative transposition. The first part will discuss the similarities between the two mechanisms; donor DNA cleavage step and strand transfer step which involves nucleophilic attacks, generating single-strand nicks in Mu DNA and joining it to target DNA via one-step transesterification mechanism. The latter part will concentrate on the different characteristics in each transposition mechanism; in replicative transposition, the end product is duplication of transposon copy in both target and host DNA while in conservative transposition, a simple insertion of transposon is produced in the target DNA. 1. Characteristics of bacteriophage Mu Phage, derived from the Greek word phagein, literally means to eat. Bacteriophage Mu was named as such(find out who did) due its nature of infecting and inducing high levels of mutation in host bacteria Escherichia coli., hence the name Mu for mutator. The dual nature of Mu transposon and virus has made it as the archetypal model of studying phage genetics. Bacteriophage Mu is a temperate phage of E. coli which employs the transposition mechanism in its life cycle. Transposition can either be conservative (excising the transposon and inserting it into bacterial chromosome) or replicative (transposon copies are produced in both transposon and bacterial chromosome). Both mechanisms will be discussed extensively later in this article. Unlike the phage ÃŽÂ », insertion of Mu genome into the target site proceeds in a randomly manner which makes it an excellent mutator. Fig. 1: The life cycle of bacteriophage Mu(5). The life cycle of phage Mu is shown schematically in Fig. 1 above. Bacteriophage Mu infect susceptible host cell by adsorption and then, injects its linear viral genome. Once inside the host cell, the linear genome does not circularized(4,5,19), unlike in phage ÃŽÂ ». In either case of lytic or lysogenic phase, Mu integrates its DNA into the host genome via conservative transposition(16,19). This is observed differently in phage ÃŽÂ » where the infecting phage DNA will be integrated into host genome only during lysogenization(19). An enzyme called transposase, encoded by MuA gene in the phage genome, is absolutely crucial to carry out this conservative transposition step. Phage DNA is inserted at multiple sites in a bacterial genome which lead to the assumption that the insertion occur by a random manner(8). However, there are several factors that influence target site selection such as MuA protein efficiency and transposition immunity(15). After integration, Mu usually adopts a quiescent prophage lifestyle(lysogenic phase). The preference between lysogenic and lytic phase in Mu life cycle is dependent on its stability in the lysogen and lysogenic repressors. However, lysogens of Mu phage sometimes enter the lytic phase though this is a rare event. When induced, usually by using temperature-sensitive repressor mutants of phage Mu and subject it at 42ËÅ ¡C, the lysogen will enter lytic cycle. When the lysogenic repressor is inactivated, Mu transposes via replicative transposition, producing copies of phage genome which will be packaged into new virions. The virions then lyse the host cell and infect new hosts. Bacteriophage Mu virions comprised of icosahedral head(diameter 54nm), a baseplate, a contractile tail and six short tail fibres(5). Fig. 2: Simplified cartoon illustrating packaging of Mu genome. Typical length of phage Mu DNA is approximately 37kb long. Additional 2 kb of host DNA is incorporated during DNA packaging which is shown as flanking each end of the integrated Mu genome, with most of it at the right end. Unique sequences of host DNA and at the right end of the packaged DNA is dependent on initiation site of packaging in the host DNA(24). Fig. 3: Physical and genetic map of bacteriophage Mu. Solid black lines represent Mu DNA while the boxes at the two ends indicate flanking host DNA sequences. Mu genes (indicated in block letters) and their corresponding translational products are as indicated(19). A typical size of wild-type phage Mu DNA is about 37.5 kb, however each phage capsid can accommodate up to 39 kb long. Phage genome has a pac site which serves as the starting point in packaging of the phage DNA, located within attL(5). The initiation cleavage by phage enzyme terminase occurs upstream of the phage pac site, which includes host sequence of about 50-150bp flanking the left end. Second cleavage initiated when a complete filling of capsid is achieved, which includes 0.5 kb to 2 kb of host sequence flanking the right end(1). Genetic and physical map of phage Mu is illustrated in Fig. 3. Bacteriophage Mu utilizes headful mechanism strategy, which confer variable lengths of host DNA flanking the left ends of Mu DNA depending on the initiation site of genome packaging(Fig. 2). 2. Transposition mechanism (E) (D) (C) (B) (A) Fig. 4: Modes of bacteriophage Mu transposition. (A), (B) and (C) are the common steps in both conservative and replicative transposition of phage Mu. In conservative and replicative transposition, phage Mu will follow-up step (D) and (E) respectively. Curved arrows indicate nucleophile attack, transferring the 3-OH ends to the staggered 5-phosphate ends of target DNA. Dentate lines (XXXX) indicate target DNA sequences which are duplicated during transposition (16). Numerous in vitro studies have been conducted to study the mechanism of transposition, and usually mini-Mu elements are used. A minimal Mu element consists of a selectable gene, a plasmid replication origin and essential Mu ends(2). The mechanism of transposition is discussed in respect to an in vitro system from this point onwards unless stated otherwise. Following discussion on transposition mechanism are based on Shapiro model(22) as it has been widely accepted as the golden model in this field. The current known modes of transposition is divided into two: non-replicative (conservative) and replicative transposition. Both strategies utilize the same mechanism up to point (Fig. 4C) where each strategy employs different mechanism, producing different end products. A simple insertion of transposon is generated in target DNA by conservative transposition (Fig. 4D) while two copies of transposon formed in both donor and target DNA by replicative transposition (Fig. 4E). Point A to C are considered as the similar features in both conservative and replicative transposition while point D and E is the distinction between the two modes of transposition. Therefore, mechanisms involved in point A,B and C are discussed in context of both replicative and conservative transposition, which comprises of DNA cleavage step and strand transfer step. Sequential stages of both cleavage and strand transfer steps are illustrated in Fig. 4. 2.1 Donor DNA cleavage step Two critical chemical steps in both transposition pathways are donor DNA cleavage step and DNA strand transfer step(5,8). The donor DNA cleavage step is initiated when water molecules within an active site act as nucleophiles, and attack phosphodiester bond in DNA backbone at each of the transposon end(4,5). The cleavage step involves a direct hydrolysis of phosphodiester bond by water, and not by covalent enzyme-DNA intermediate(17). The phosphodiester bond is cleaved at the flanking host-transposon DNA boundary. 3-hydroxyl (OH) ends of the Mu DNA are exposed at the end of the cleavage step. Strand transfer results in fusion of target and donor DNA, which forms an intermediate molecule (8). The process (simplified in Fig. 4C) follows the Shapiro model(22). Bacteriophage-encoded proteins, MuA protein (transposase) and MuB protein (ATPase) are required for transposition. Other requirements to ensure efficiency of transposition are accessory proteins such as host-encoded DNA bending proteins called hydroxyurea (HU) and integration host factor (IHF)(8). The inverted repeats at the end of donor DNA, and target sequence on bacterial chromosome are also important in transposition mechanism. The assembly of higher order protein-DNA complexes called transposome has been identified by in vitro studies(6). A three-site synaptic complex called the LER complex comprising right and left ends of Mu and transpositional enhancer, was formed in the beginning of transposition in vitro(23). MuA protein binds to MuA binding site at the ends of Mu DNA as monomer, and subsequently function as tetramer of MuA (transposase). Host IHF and HU protein were found to aid in formation and stabilisation of LER complex. The LER complex is relatively unstable and so, is rapidly converted into stable synaptic complex (SSC), also known as type 0 complex(17). This is the critical checkpoint before any chemical reaction is carried out as it is the rate-limiting step of cleavage reaction(6). A stable synapse between tetramer of MuA and the two ends of Mu DNA is made but no cleavage is initiated yet at this point. Nonetheless, the active site is structurally occupied to the region around the scissile phosphate while the flanking DNA are destabilized upon formation of the SSC complex(6). In addition to formation of a stable synapse, the Mu ends needs to be properly-oriented, a super coiled DNA topology, and accessory DNA sites are also important to proceed to the next step. Formation of SSC usually is short-lived in presence of Mg2+ but can be accumulated in presence of suitable divalent cations such as Ca2+,which promotes the formation of SSC(8,17). Next, SSC is converted into a type 1 transposome complex, also called as cleaved donor complex(CDC)(9). The 3 ends of Mu DNA are nicked in presence of Mg2+. Two subunits of MuA tetramer, that are associated with the sites that undergo cleavage, assemble in trans arrangement which favours the strand transfer reaction(5). The formation of CDC can then be thought as the result of donor DNA cleavage step. Type 1 transposome complex exhibits greater stability than the type 0 complex though MuA forms structural and functional core in both transposome complexes(6). In addition of stably bound tetramer of MuA proteins, there are loosely associated MuA proteins present in the CDC as well. In absence of MuB protein, MuA tetramer is unable to promote strand transfer reaction unless these extra MuA proteins are present. MuB protein is an ATP-dependent DNA-binding protein, which also acts as an allosteric activator of Mu transposase (MuA proteins)(21). Transposition can still proceed in absence o f MuB proteins, but MuA protein by itself is only 1% efficient(3). 2.2 Strand transfer step A hallmark of this step is the formation of strand transfer complex (STC), also known as type 2 transposome complex. The end product of STC is formation of a branched molecule(Shapiro intermediate) which is characterized by a covalent interaction between donor DNA and target DNA via 5bp single-stranded gaps and its ÃŽÂ ¸ structure(22). MuB protein first captures a target molecule and bring it to the vicinity of the transposome complex, forming a TC complex(6). Formation of TC complexes rapidly undergo one-step transesterification reaction, which is the rate-limiting step in the strand transfer step. Interestingly, recruiting of target molecules by MuB proteins and formation of TC complexes can occur at several time point during the reaction pathway(6). This is a particularly efficient step to maximize transposition potential as it would speed up rate of strand transfers during transposition. The free 3-OH ends produced from the cleavage step act as nucleophile and attack phosphates of target DNA at the 5 ends. 5-nucleotides long offset nicks are made in the target DNA, generating a staggered arrangement(3). At this stage, the MuA proteins(transposase) are still tightly bound to the branched molecule with single stranded gaps. This pose an obstruction for the assembly of replication fork by host replication factors. The structure of the branched molecule is simplified in (C) of Fig. 4. The forming of this intermediate molecule serves as the critical point which distinguish between conservative and replicative transposition. A widely accepted model is that the resolving of this co-integrate molecule by a special resolvase complex leads to double copies of transposon being made in both donor and target site(REFerence). This is by definition, a replicative transposition pathway. Thus, the strand transfer complex is destabilized and disassembled by a system of eight E. coli host molecular proteins (DnaB helicase, DnaC protein, DnaG primase, DNA polymerase II, single-strand binding protein, DNA gyrase, DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase) and molecular chaperon called ClpX, producing cointegrates(13). This transition from transposome complex to a replisome results in duplication of 5-bp target DNA sequences flanking both ends of Mu DNA. Alternatively, if the bacteriophage Mu is to enter the conservative pathway, the co-integrate molecule is repaired or processed without performing Mu DNA replication. The end product of STC in a conservative transposition is a simple insertion of single mini-Mu element inserted into the target DNA(8). However, the mechanism of this model is poorly understood. Fig. 5: Transposome complexes involved during DNA cleavage complex and DNA strand transfer. (A) A plasmid (gray line) bearing donor mini-Mu element (black line) DNA in the in vitro system is negatively coiled. (B) In presence of host HU protein, Mu A protein bind to the two ends of Mu DNA forming a stable synaptic complex (not shown). Assembly of MuA tetramer produces a nick at each ends of Mu DNA, creating a cleaved donor complex (CDC). (C) Nicked 3 ends of Mu DNA are joined together to target DNA in presence of MuB protein forming a strand transfer complex (STC). MuA tetramer is still tightly bound to the Mu ends in the STC. (D) In replicative transposition, a cointegrate molecule is produced when replication of target DNA initiated from the 3 Mu ends by host replication machinery (13). 3. Replicative transposition Replicative transposition was first suggested by Ljungquist and Bukhari (1977) to occur in situ after induction of lysogens, which means that the Mu prophage was not excised from host chromosome during transposition(14). The lysogens were digested with restriction enzymes which cleaves both host and Mu DNA at specific restriction sites. Two of the fragments from the restriction digests contain both host and Mu DNA, which corresponds to junctions between host and prophage DNA, suggesting that prophage DNA is replicated in situ of host chromosome(19). Several genetic and biochemical predictions made in the Shapiro model have been demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro studies, hence this model is accepted as a plausible mechanism to explain transposition in phage Mu. Numerous techniques have been done to study the direction of replication of Mu DNA during transposition. Results obtained by annealing of Okazaki fragments to separated strands of Mu DNA shows that more than 80% of Mu molecules replication proceed from left to right end(11,19). Electron microscopical observation of mini-Mu element shows that replicating molecules in vitro replicate from both ends in equal probability'(11,19). Replication of Mu DNA is accepted to be predominantly unidirectional, that is from left towards the right end(20). Intramolecular replication pathway can result in inversion, deletion, and simple insertion while intermolecular events can produce co-integrate molecules(19). In the case of Mu transposition, formation of co-integrate molecule needs to be resolved in order to produce two replicons; one molecule contains transposon and target DNA while another molecule contains transposon and donor DNA(10). 4. Conservative transposition The main characteristic of conservative transposition is that phage DNA is not replicated prior to integration. Upon infection of a susceptible host cell (usually E. coli), Mu employs conservative, or also called non-replicative transposition to transfer its genome to the target site. As discussed earlier, conservative transposition pathway follows single strand nicks at the 3 ends of Mu DNA, of which the exposed 3-OH ends join to the staggered cut target DNA at the 5ends forming a co-integrate molecule. The co-integrate or so-called Shapiro intermediate is repaired and generates a simple insertion in the target DNA though the mechanism is still poorly understood. Shapiro model emphasized on single-stranded nicks at Mu ends, joining of Mu to a staggered double-strand break in target DNA, formation of an intermediate molecule, and shedding of heterogeneous of previous host DNA sequences after ligation in conservative pathway(22). On the other hand, Morisato and Kleckner (1984) proposed a different mechanism based on results with Tn10 transposition. Their model is double-stranded cleavages at the transposon ends generating an excised transposon, which then circularizes via ligation on one of the strands(18). It predicts shedding of host sequences from the Mu DNA ends before ligation into the new target DNA. Study of Mu transposition using plasmid substrates in vitro produced results in favour of the Shapiro model, and hence this model has been widely accepted and used in studies. Fig. 6: A model of conservative transposition which utilizes double-strand cleavages during integration. (A) Transposase bind to the inverted repeats at Mu-host boundary sites and cleaves off the transposon away. (B) Transposase made a staggered cut at target sequence of which exposed 3-OH ends of transposon attacks 5-phosphate ends of the host (not shown). The transposon then joins to the host sequence. Duplicated target sequence of 5-bp are completed by host replication machinery (7). The debate on single-strand or double-strand cleavage however does not end there. If phage Mu were to utilize the Shapiro model of transposition during integration (the well-established cointegrate mechanism), the flanking host sequences would remain bound to Mu ends. This would clearly pose a problem as subsequent target-primed replication of the linear integrant would not work, or simply break the chromosome(1). Evidently, results from in vitro experiments are against this as the transposition end products contain transposon, suggesting a complete transposition process have been accomplished. So, does the infecting Mu DNA utilize the Shapiro model where the cointegrate molecule gets processed and repaired, prior to replication at the flanking sequence? Or does it follow a cut-and-paste mechanism where both strands of Mu DNA gets cleaved off from the flanking host DNA sequence (as illustrated in Fig. 6), where no cointegrate molecule is generated, which eventually means, there is no need for resolve by replication? An in vitro experiment was done by Au et al. (2006) to observe the fate of flanking host DNA sequences upon phage Mu infection. Specific markers specific to the infecting phage Mu DNA as well as the donor host (lacZ/proB) were used. These markers were acquired from the host in which the phage had been propagated but absent in the host being infected(1). Upon infection of plasmids by bacteriophage Mu, signal for flanking sequences and Mu DNA were detected in the chromosome at the same time point (approximately at minute 8), which correspond to the integration time point of Mu. Subsequent expression of lacZ and proB were detected maximally at minute 15, significantly reduced at minute 30 and by minute 50, expression were halted(1). Maximal expression at minute 15 most likely corresponds to climax of integration of the infecting phage population. These findings strongly suggest that flanking sequences get integrated together with Mu DNA into the new target site and are subsequently, rem oved by a special mechanism(which explained the undetectable expression at minute 50). This then proves that infecting phage Mu employs an alternate cointegrate mechanism (also called as nick-join-process mechanism) in conservative transposition pathway, where the Mu DNA undergo single-strand nicks, joins to the target DNA, and repaired before replication of the 5-bp gap left by the flanking sequence(1). The mechanism of removal and repair of host flanking sequence however, remains ambiguous. Conclusion Dual nature of bacteriophage Mu, a transposable element and a virus, is certainly interesting but what is more fascinating is that it utilizes both replicative and non-replicative transposition throughout its life cycle. The former mechanism produces a transposon copy in both donor and target DNA while the latter usually generates a simple insertion of transposon in the target DNA, leaving a gap in the host DNA which most likely will get degraded. In the early stages, both replicative and conservative transposition pathway share a similar mechanism. Regardless of the transposition pathway, infecting Mu DNA during the first round of infection will integrate its DNA into the target chromosome via two critical steps; donor DNA cleavage step and strand transfer step. Mu uses a phosphoryl transfer involving nucleophilic attacks of water on phosphodiester bonds of Mu DNA, producing single-strand nicks. A second nucleophilic attack by exposed 3-ends of Mu DNA on 5-ends of target phosphodiester bonds, which then joins the Mu DNA to target DNA via one-step transesterification mechanism. A series of transposome complexes are formed throughout these processes including Mu-encoded MuA proteins(transposase) and MuB proteins(ATPase). A cointegrate is produced in both pathways but in replicative transposition, this intermediate molecule is resolved producing two replicons with transposon copy in each molecule. In conservative transposition, the cointegrate is repaired generating a simple insertion in the target DNA. Hence, it is more accurate to name conservative transposition as nick-join-process rather than the conventional cut-and-paste mechanism as the latter suggest double-strand nicks at the transposon end, which has been proven inaccurate by in vitro experiments. Both transposition pathways have been compared extensively in this review but much of functional core of the mechanisms remain to be understood. (2944 words)